▲An artificial lake in Cicheng township, Jiangbei district, Ningbo. [Photo by Wang Peng]
◀Dr Faith Chan, Miss Lei Li and Dr Dimple R. Thadani. [Photo provided to Ningbo Times]
After 6 years, Ningbo's Sponge City Program has transformed from a mostly government-led initiative to a movement gaining widespread support on social media, said Faith Chan, Lei Li and Dimple Thadani, researchers from the University of Nottingham Ningbo China (UNNC).
Urban Floods
in Chinese Cities
Urban floods have been a major concern in China due to climate change and urbanization, endangering the safety of local citizens. More than 351 Chinese cities, including several major ones, experienced urban flooding from 2008 to 2010.
Sponge City Program
The Sponge City Program (SCP) initiated in 2013 by China's national government is based on a new concept that addresses urban floods through rainwater collection, purification, storage, and re-use. The SCP is leveraging soft-engineered measures such as Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) design and Low Impact Development (LID), with the aim of reducing the occurrence of urban floods to once-every-thirty-years-or-longer, a standard adopted by many other major Asian cities. Ningbo was among the second group of Chinese cities to be designated as pilot Sponge Cities, and consistently outperforms most other pilots.
Opportunities for
Better SCP Delivery?
The targets of SCP, as set forth by China's national guidelines, are very ambitious. By 2020, 20% of urban areas are to have SCP infrastructure; by 2030, 80% of urban areas should be able to absorb and re-use at least 70% of rainfall. However, doubts and uncertainties have been raised regarding the effectiveness of SCP in urban flood control. The public often questions large investments in SCP.
In the current study undertaken by the UNNC researchers, the aim is to investigate the stakeholders' perception and understanding of SCP in all SCP cities. It was found that social acceptance of SCP implementation is associated with the intellectual elements (include cultural shift and perceptions change) of the practitioners, developers, and the public. An improved perception of the SCP could make formulating pro-SCP/BGI policies easier; it also has the added benefits of facilitating the update of engineering standards for Sponge City infrastructure and creating a market for BGI stewardship, paving the way towards greater sustainability.
There are many published scientific papers on SCP, but they could be all but incomprehensible to the general public. Therefore, the power of social media should be leveraged so the public could have access to information and space to voice their opinions. Social media is also a good place for relevant stakeholders to identify public concern (by analyzing online comments, reblog activity, newspaper articles, and personal posts etc.), thus improving and transforming SCP practice.
Social media is a useful tool for recognizing the public's incomprehension, misunderstanding, resistance, and fear surrounding new and unfamiliar BGI design and SCP facilities. Citizens' mindset is a subtle factor that could influence policy makers, developers, and water engineers. Therefore, earning the public's trust and support of SCP/BGI is critical to its success.
What Does the
Future Hold for SCP?
During the last few years, several successful SCP projects have been established in Shenzhen, Wuhan, Beijing, Ningbo, and other Chinese cities. By tailoring flood control approaches to each area's characteristics, it is possible to overcome technical and management challenges during the implementation of the program. Notably, the use of social media has shaped the public's and stakeholders' perception of SCP for the better, mainly by facilitating dialogue between communities, engineers, decision-makers and developers. Social media has improved the effectiveness of SCP implementation. Increasingly, policy change is now driven by the public and media in a bottom-up fashion.
International news coverage reveals clearly that SCP is gaining global influence. The practice is by no means limited to Chinese cities; it has earned "brand recognition" worldwide, boosting the image and international renown of any city that undertakes SCP.
China is not the first country to embrace BGI design. Singapore, Berlin, Sydney, and many cities in the US are also taking eco-friendly approaches in water management, though under differing names. Going forward, SCP could be a new way to foster a greener future for cities, mitigating the threats of climate change and urban floods while coping with the stresses of population growth and increased urbanization.
Authors:
Dr Faith Chan (Associate Professor, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China)
Miss Lei Li (Postgraduate Researcher on Nature-based Solutions, Blue-Green Infrastructure and Sponge Cities, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China)
Dr Dimple R. Thadani (Assistant Professor, Nottingham University Business School China, University of Nottingham Ningbo China)