Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston displays Buddhist painting Luohan Manifesting Himself as an Eleven-Headed Guanyin drawn in Ningbo during the Southern Song Dynasty.
What is the charm of China’s Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.)? How should we define it and where can we find it? For the past few months, these topics have been under lively discussion among the literate community in Zhejiang.
“宋韵”是什么?宋韵是哪种“韵”?“宋韵”往何处寻?大概是这几个月浙江文化界讨论最热闹的话题。
On August 31, 2021, the culture conference held by Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China announced the implementation of a major project to revive China’s Song Dynasty Culture (Song Culture). As a cultural hallmark with distinctive Zhejiang characteristics, Song Culture deserves to shine not only in our times, but also in future generations.
In 1127, the imperial Zhao family retreated south when the original capital in the north was captured by Jurchen invaders. Later, Hangzhou (then known as Lin’an) was designated the new capital city of the Southern Song. Never had Ningbo been so close to the central authorities. During the Dynasty, the royal family introduced a high taste in art to Zhejiang: in addition to the love of calligraphy and painting, it features the minimalist aesthetic for ceramics and furniture, the exquisite pursuit of incense burning, flower arranging, tea etiquette and Guqin music. There was also an inclusiveness to the lively academic trends that included Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. This temperament imposed a significant impact upon literati as well as scholars and contributed to the flourishing of civic life to an unprecedented degree.
Thanks to the era and its geographical advantages, Ningbo – known as “Mingzhou” during the Southern Song – saw the culmination of its full development in politics, the economy and culture. For politics, the Shi family of Siming, Ningbo had been playing a decisive role in the Southern Song court for over 80 years; this case was traditionally invoked as the saying “Aristocrats in purple share the same origin in Mingzhou.” In relation to the economy, the port of Mingzhou – as the economic anchor of the Southern Song – made a great contribution to foreign trading and customs revenue. In terms of culture, great local educators like the Five Masters of the Reign of Qingli (1041-1048) and the Four Masters of the Reign of Chunxi (1174-1189 A.D.) in Southern Song planted the seeds of education from which grew the tree of knowledge in Ningbo.
The contemporary revival of Song Culture is no mere backsliding of modern Chinese society into an ancient period but, rather, an acknowledgement and appreciation of Song’s lingering charm. Back then, our ancestors pursued an exquisite material life as well as a spiritual one. Hence, they cultivated a high-level aesthetic taste for philosophy, art, literature, and creatively sought deep insights into everyday life. Their advancements in technology and cultural refinement – from so many decades ago – have profoundly affected the life and temperament of their modern Chinese descendants.
In Ningbo many precious remnants of ancient Song survive. The Baoguo Temple, built during the Northern Song, is the second oldest preserved wooden structure in Zhejiang as well as regions south of the Yangtze River. By Dongqian Lake, a stone sculpture park accommodates China’s largest and most exquisite tomb passage relic and showcases the most intact stone carvings from the Southern Song. Not far from the park, Hengsheng and Miaogouhou stone archways are still standing as the first of their kind in China. In addition, a large batch of Southern Song artifacts had been excavated from Tianfeng Pagoda in downtown. Among other Song relics around the city, ships, bridges, pagodas, tablet memorial monuments and ceramics are the most typical.
There are other representative cultural relics that have left the area but which remind the world of the heights achieved by Ningbo’s culture and art during the Southern Song Dynasty. The highly renowned Six Chronicles of Siming Compiled in the Song and Yuan Dynasties is one example. Its block-printed edition in the Song Dynasty is still preserved in the National Library. The Five Hundred Luohans, a collection of rare Buddhist paintings from the Southern Song Dynasty, is now stored in Japan and the United States. In further reference to the Buddhism, Ningbo was also responsible for the passing of Buddhist teachings from Tendou Yuwang to Japan over thousands of years.
“Mingzhou”, the ancient name of Ningbo during the Song Dynasty, embodies the memory and the history of this city. On November 11, Ningbo Evening News released the first episode of its short film series “The Charm of Song Culture in Mingzhou” through YongShang APP. Scan the QR codes below and join us in the journey to unveil the elegant spirit derived from ancient Ningbo.