China's First Blue Carbon Credits Auctioned off in Ningbo
Xihu Port in Huangbi’ao Township, Xiangshan (Photo by Zheng Kaixia)
The first auction for blue carbon credits in China was successfully held in Xiangshan County, Ningbo on February 28, with over 20 enterprises and institutions in attendance from around the nation.
全国首单蓝碳拍卖交易2月28日在宁波市象山成功举行。吸引了全国各地的20多家企业和机构参与。
The auctioned one-year carbon sink volume of fisheries at Xihu Port amounts to about 2,340.1 metric tons. Its auction price started at 30 yuan (ca. \$4.34) per ton and Zhejiang Yiduan Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. concluded with a 106 yuan (ca. \$15.34) per ton winning bid for a total transaction value of 248,000 yuan (ca. \$35,900). Why choose Xiangshan County to stage China’s first blue carbon auction? What has Ningbo accomplished in blue carbon trading?
The salt marsh ecosystem of this coastal county in Ningbo is estimated to have 102,800 tons of carbon sink per year, whereas large-scale algae farming—which predominantly cultivates Porphyra haitanensis and kelp—may generate ca. 21,700 tons of carbon per year, and oyster-based shellfish farming ca. 32,200 tons per year. In addition, silt mudflats, island vegetation, and coastal waters store copious amounts of carbon resources. The gross of marine economy in Xiangshan reached 22 billion yuan in 2022, exceeding 30 percent of the county's GDP in that year.
Since July 2022, Xiangshan has been preparing for the auction of blue carbon credits, including entrusting Ningbo Institute of Oceanography to calculate the carbon sink. The subject matter of the auction is macroalgae (including the fishery carbon sink of kelp, Porphyra haitanensis and Enteromorpha), which attracts active quotations of domestic businesses for the 2,340.1 tons of fishery carbon sink. As a maritime hub, Ningbo has 9,758 square kilometers of sea water under its jurisdiction (24% of the total sea water under the jurisdiction of Zhejiang province) and 614 islands (14% of the total islands in Zhejiang). Also, its wetland area totals 3.47 million mu (231,700 hectares), accounting for 20.87% of that in Zhejiang province. "This auction allows more people to understand blue carbon. People will realize that the ecological benefits can be attained and will generate direct economic benefits," explained Xu Nianjun, a fellow and PhD supervisor at School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University.
In June 2022, Ningbo completed the top-level system design for peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality. The Ningbo Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning initiated the city’s first blue carbon pilot project in 2022 and obtained the expert group’s approval of project completion in February 2023.
Liu Dahai is director of the Coastal Zone Center of the First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), China's Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR). He and his team collected the distribution pattern of carbon pools, carbon storage, carbon increment, and distribution characteristics of value within the 189.13km2 coastal wetlands by testing soil organic carbon and bulk density from 327 samples at 109 field sites. Results show that in the coastal wetlands along the south bank of Hangzhou Bay, the total amount and increment of blue carbon storage amounted to 696,300 tons and 32,700 tons each year, respectively, and its annual value of carbon sink was 1,866,100 yuan (ca. \$270,160).
According to the Marine Forecasting Division of Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Ningbo will further increase investment in blue carbon surveys. This will include monitoring the tempo-spatial dynamics of multiple-type carbon pools throughout the coastal zone, and predicting the evolution of carbon sink patterns. Construction of demonstration bases for blue carbon will also be accelerated along the coastal wetlands on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay and islands in Xiangshan.
Extra measures will include cultivating high-quality blue carbon resources and developing high-quality blue carbon sinks. Nowadays, salt marshes and islands make up most of Ningbo's blue carbon resources, whereas natural seagrass beds and mangrove resources are scarce due to restricted hydrodynamic and climatic conditions. Threats such as invasive Spartina alterniflora and human destruction should be gradually removed to improve the quality of blue carbon. If permitted, local plants should be introduced according to local conditions to further enrich blue carbon supplies in Ningbo.
In addition, Ningbo will take the lead in China to conduct long-term dynamic monitoring of multi-type blue carbon, "storage and flux" assessment of carbon sink for the three-level carbon pool system, value accounting based on blue carbon distribution, and a trading system of blue carbon credits for land-sea coordination. It is aimed to develop a package of technical schemes on blue carbon (i.e., "dynamic monitoring — credits assessment — value verification — trading system") that will provide an information database of blue-carbon resources as well as a service platform for decision-making.